{"id":9056,"date":"2025-01-30T06:00:16","date_gmt":"2025-01-30T11:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/?p=9056"},"modified":"2025-07-17T11:42:57","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T15:42:57","slug":"portrait-and-evolution-of-the-middle-classes-in-quebec-and-canada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/en\/portrait-and-evolution-of-the-middle-classes-in-quebec-and-canada\/","title":{"rendered":"Portrait and Evolution of the Middle Classes in Quebec and Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"border: 2px solid #30BAD2; padding: 15px; border-radius: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; background: #f9f9f9;\"><em>The research project on the middle classes in Quebec and Canada consists of a series of three research notes, the aim of which is to analyze the evolution of inequalities based on the size and composition of these middle classes, in order to shed light on the debates and decisions that mobilize this concept, which is sometimes poorly defined and subject to interpretation. The 2025 edition of the Observatoire&#8217;s annual event on social classes also addressed this theme. The 2025 edition of the Observatoire&#8217;s annual event on social classes also addressed this theme. Portrait and Evolution of the Middle Classes in Quebec and Canada is the second research note in this series.<\/em><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This analysis note focuses on people in the middle class, i.e., those with an after-tax income of between 75% and 200% of the median adjusted household income. More specifically, it paints a portrait of the middle class and its evolution over the past 50 years, in Quebec and Canada.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If market income alone was considered, the number of people belonging to the middle class would have declined over the past 50 years. Instead, government transfers and taxation have enabled the middle class to grow in Quebec, with 66.8% of the population belonging to it in 2022, compared with 63.2% in 1976.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quebec stands out among Canadian provinces for the size of its middle class.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Canada, where the effects of government transfers and taxation are generally lower, the size of the middle class has remained stable over the period under review (around 63%).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contrary to popular belief, the disposable income of the middle class has risen sharply (+50%) since the early 2000s, even when inflation is taken into account. This phenomenon has been observed in both Quebec and Canada.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More people per household need to work to maintain middle-class living standards. Although the number of people per household is falling, the number of people with employment income per household is rising.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The face of the middle class is diversifying. The couple-with-children model is no longer as predominant. More single-parent families have entered the middle class, supported by more generous family allowances.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The middle class is aging at the same rate as the population, but it is also making way for young people (under 35) who have improved their chances of joining it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increasingly, women are taking on the role of main household breadwinner. In Quebec, 62% of households whose main breadwinner was a woman were middle-class in 2022, compared with 53% in 1976. A similar trend can be observed in Canada.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immigrants today have as much chance of joining the middle class as native<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Canadians.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The educational level of the middle class is on the rise. The proportion of people with a university degree has doubled between 2000 and 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every second middle-class person now lives in a major urban centre. In rural areas, a significant proportion of the population has joined the middle class.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Home ownership remains a hallmark of the middle class. In 1976, 76% of middle-class Canadians were homeowners. By 2022, this had risen to 79.1%.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among renters, the probability of being middle class has gone down.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While managers are over-represented among the privileged class, the professional profile of the middle class appears diversified.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Middle-class debt levels rose sharply between 1999 and 2019. The proportion of debt to disposable income for middle-class households rose from 82% to 120% in Quebec, and from 99% to 167% in Canada.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The tax burden on the middle class has risen slightly. In Quebec, while income tax represented 15.6% of total adjusted income for the middle class in 1976, it rose to 17.6% in 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>This project has been made possible by a financial contribution from Employment and Social Development Canada.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10819\" src=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/logo-gouv-Canada-300x109.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/logo-gouv-Canada-200x73.png 200w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/logo-gouv-Canada-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/logo-gouv-Canada-400x145.png 400w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/logo-gouv-Canada-600x218.png 600w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/logo-gouv-Canada.png 650w\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"69\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10822\" src=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture-decran-2025-07-17-103658-300x35.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture-decran-2025-07-17-103658-200x24.png 200w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture-decran-2025-07-17-103658-300x35.png 300w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture-decran-2025-07-17-103658-400x47.png 400w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture-decran-2025-07-17-103658-600x71.png 600w, https:\/\/observatoiredesinegalites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture-decran-2025-07-17-103658.png 655w\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"50\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The research project on the middle classes in Quebec and &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":9070,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"theme-de-publication":[224],"theme-principalt":[231],"type-de-publication":[241],"class_list":["post-9056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","theme-de-publication-economy","theme-principalt-economy","type-de-publication-research"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Portrait and Evolution of the Middle Classes in Quebec and Canada<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This analysis paints a portrait of the middle 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